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They used collective bargaining to force employers to meet their demands. The arrival of the Irish in Lowell , beginning in , also contributed substantially to the demise of the Lowell System of Labor. With unskilled labor available and willing to work for low wages, the system was no longer needed. By the s the Lowell System was a failed experiment. In , 88 of the largest American corporations were textile firms. By , the Lowell mills employed six thousand workers.
By , the city of Lowell had a population of about twenty thousand and was the largest industrial center in America. Its mills produced fifty thousand miles of cotton cloth each year.
One reason that the factory owners liked to hire women was because they could pay them less. At the time, women made around half of what men made for doing the same job. The factory needed workers, and Lowell wanted to avoid using child labor, which was commonly used in fabric mills in England. Thus, the textile industry is the industry responsible for taking a raw material, like cotton or wool, and spinning it into yarn that is later used to create a fabric.
A cotton mill is a building housing spinning or weaving machinery for the production of yarn or cloth from cotton , an important product during the Industrial Revolution in the development of the factory system. Mills generated employment , drawing workers from largely rural areas and expanding urban populations.
Conditions in the Lowell mills were severe by modern American standards. Employees worked from am until pm, for an average 73 hours per week.
Each room usually had 80 women working at machines, with two male overseers managing the operation. In the s, economic downturns led the factories to pay lower wages, add more hours and eliminate some of the amenities. The Concord River was accessible to the Lowell mills.
What three modifications did Lowell mill owners make to the landscape? Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.
They were supervised by older women, called matrons, and were expected to work diligently and attend church and educational classes. The young women would work a grueling hour work week. Lowell believed his system alleviated the deplorable working conditions he witnessed in England and helped him to keep a tight rein on his employees. By doing so, he cultivated employee loyalty, kept wages low, and assured his stockholders accelerating profits.
A large number of young mill girls went on to become librarians, teachers, social workers, etc. Plan of the city of Lowell, Massachusetts, illustration by Sidney and Neff, circa The Lowell System was not only more efficient but was also designed to minimize the dehumanizing effects of industrial labor by paying in cash, hiring young adults instead of children, offering employment for only a few years and by providing educational opportunities to help workers move on to better jobs, such as school teachers, nurses and etc.
Other mills during the industrial revolution, particularly in England, as well as the mills in Rhode Island, tended to hire poor, uneducated landless workers and children who had no other options than to work permanent low-paying jobs in the mills in dangerous working conditions with no opportunities for advancement, according to the book The Encyclopedia of the War Of A Political, Social, and Military:. That system was established at a cotton-spinning mill near Pawtucket, Rhode Island, in Slater had employed young girls , who were exploited and often abused…Slater kept tight reins on his labor pool as well, but the young girls were harder to train and control than adult women.
Payments, too, were made in goods supplied at a factory store instead of the cash method followed at Waltham. At Waltham, wages were paid every week or two weeks, and boarding-houses in charge of a matron were provided for the employees, the conditions of which precluded the work of children or mitigated against the employment of whole families.
The Lowell mill girls were also encouraged to educate themselves and pursue intellectual activities. The work days were long though and many of the women found that they were exhausted at the end of the day, both mentally and physically, and could barely stay awake during the lectures, as one former Lowell mill girl wrote:.
I well remember the chagrin I often felt when attending lectures, to find myself unable to keep awake…I am sure few possessed a more ardent desire for knowledge than I did, but such was the effect of the long hour system, that my chief delight was, after the evening meal, to place my aching feet in an easy position, and read a novel. A typical work day in the Lowell System lasted about twelve hours, depending on the season. The exact hours the employees worked changed per season. From May to August, the work day started at 5am.
From September 1 to April, the work day started at dawn. From November to February, breakfast was served before work. In March, breakfast was served at am, from April to September it was served at 7am sharp and from September to October it was served at am.
Lunch was served throughout the year at pm. From May to August, the work day ended at 7pm, in September it ended at dark, from October to March it ended at pm and in April it ended at dark.
After dinner, the employees attended lectures, formed groups aimed at self-improvement and attended church. Curfew was at 10pm. The Lowell employees worked six days a week and attended Church services on Sunday. Mills on the Merrimack River, Lowell, Mass, circa Overproduction during the s caused the price of finished cloth to drop.
In response, the mills cut wages and increased work duties, forcing the workers to work harder at a faster pace. Profits rather than people seemed their primary, even sole, concern. In , the mill cut the workers wages by 25 percent. The mill girls responded by staging a strike and organizing a labor union called the Factory Girls Association. Two years later, the mill girls went on strike again when their housing rates were increased but the strike failed again.
A model Factory town. Yes, Lowell is a popular town in Massachusetts. It is the fourth largest city in the state, and it is the birthplace of the industrial revolution in the United States.
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