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Usually determined alongside chemical oxygen demand COD in wastewater treatment, BOD is an important index that every industrial and municipal authority in the country should be aware of. Biochemical oxygen demand or biological oxygen demand BOD is a measure of the amount of Dissolved Oxygen DO required by aerobic microorganisms to decompose organic matter present in a sample of water at a certain temperature over a studied period.
Dissolved Oxygen is the amount of gaseous oxygen dissolved in a sample of water. O 2 can be absorbed directly from the atmosphere or indirectly from the by-product of photosynthesis in surrounding plants. Both aquatic life and microorganisms require oxygen to survive. Microbes utilize dissolved O 2 in water to break down complex organic compounds present in the water such as sugars, cellulose, and other convertible synthetic substances.
Marine animals such as fish use dissolved oxygen for respiration. However, the balance of DO consumption is quite delicate. When a large number of organic compounds are present in water, microbial activity will proliferate, putting a strain on the aquatic ecosystem. Critical DO reduction will ultimately harm marine life. Regulations concerning permissible BOD levels for wastewater disposal in industries and municipalities vary from state to state. BOD is listed as a conventional pollutant under the U.
Clean Water Act. Knowing BOD value helps municipal authorities determine their biological water quality and industries to assess the impact effluent disposal will have on the immediate environment.
The God of Israel's Sages and Singers. God of Israel's Sages Wisdom. God is known in the Old Testament as the God of wisdom in the Torah and Prophets, but this attribute never receives the kind of emphasis it does among the wise men sages and in the Wisdom Literature they produced Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes.
The idea of God's wisdom implies his understanding of the universe and its operation, both on the broad scale and the personal level. Thus, the wisdom of God includes his knowledge and administration of the created order Job It further implies that God implanted a certain orderliness and regularity in the universe, and that same design should be reflected in human life.
It is this latter dimension of wisdom that contributes to the personal and practical expressions of wisdom in the Book of Proverbs. Thus, one must live an orderly moral life in society so that society might become a reflection of the orderly universe, which in turn reflects something important about the nature of God.
Rather than emphasizing the precepts of the Torah or the oracles of the prophets, wisdom stresses the design of nature as a means of divine revelation. Since God, then, speaks more indirectly through nature than the Torah and prophets, it is not surprising that the Book of Ecclesiastes describes him as sometimes elusive, particularly in revealing to men and women the meaning of life.
Yet to the persistent, a modicum of meaning can be found in the routine and work of life Eccl The God of wisdom operates on the principle of just rewards and punishment. That is, he rewards the righteous and punishes the wicked a principle promoted by Job's friends and espoused by the Book of Proverbs.
Yet the view of Wisdom Literature is broad enough to consider those cases when the innocent suffer and the wicked prosper. This is the problem of Job; even though the principle of retribution is basic to an orderly universe, Job insists that God does not always honor that principle.
When Yahweh finally speaks to Job out of the whirlwind Job , he does not defend the principle or explain the breath of it, but proclaims his majestic knowledge and expert operation of the universe he made, and expounds the finite understanding of man. While human beings would argue the issue on the level of justice, God would prefer to argue it on the level of grace. So in the epilogue of Job , he not only restores Job's possessions but doubles them. God of Israel's Singers Psalms.
To sum up the view of God in psalms poses the same difficulty as the Torah and the Prophets. In the psalms God is so multifaceted and multifunctional that any summary is inadequate.
Yet the psalms are a microcosm of Old Testament religion. They contain some law, some prophecy, and some wisdom. Whatever portrait of God one finds in these genres of the Old Testament can generally also be identified somewhere in the psalms. Although they portray God as the God of Israel who Acts on their behalf in history, the psalms are the basic Old Testament witness to personal religion. They are indeed Israel's hymnbook of worship, but they also document God's responsiveness to the devout worshiper who comes to him for mercy and help.
The New Testament. From the Christian point of view, the God of the Old Testament is the same God as in the New, except he manifests himself in different ways, most importantly in the incarnation. Yet the basic attributes of God are the same as those of the Old Testament. In one sense, the study of God in the New Testament is a study of Christology, even though that is not the focus of this article. Long before the Christian era, the Jews had stopped pronouncing the divine name so as not to disrespect of defame it.
The New Testament, like the Old, does not try to prove God's existence. Rather it declares, also like the Old Testament, that he exists and manifests himself in various ways, but finally he speaks through his Son Jesus Christ Heb , who is superior to angels, priests, and all other manifestations of the divine Word.
God in the Synoptic Gospels. The Synoptic Gospels present the story of the birth, life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Yet behind that story is God. Matthew relates the birth of Jesus as a fulfillment of Isaiah's prophecy of the coming of Immanuel, "God with us" Matt The God of the Old Testament makes himself present in the world in the form of human flesh. The Kingdom of God. The Synoptics focus on the God who sends Jesus and empowers him by stressing the kingdom of God, the salvation of God, and Christ as the son of God.
They present the message of Jesus in terms of the imminent approach of the kingdom of God Matthew prefers kingdom of heaven , a phrase that has both material and spiritual connotations. In the Old Testament Yahweh's kingdom refers to his sovereign reign over the world Psalm ; The principles of this kingdom derive from its King, God himself, and they are laid down in the Sermon on the Mount Matt.
The citizens of the kingdom are known as "children of God" Matt , and the standard of righteousness demanded of them originates in God himself Matt , in much the same way as God demanded Israel to be holy because he was holy. The kingdom of God is a concept that links to the original command that humankind as his agents should subdue and take dominion of the earth Gen This long process with its successes and failures laid out in Old Testament history, finally arrives at a new level of accomplishment in the appearance of the Messiah, Jesus Christ, of whose divinity the Synoptics are convinced.
On behalf of humankind, he personally took dominion over the world as he cast out demons, healed diseases, commanded nature Mark ; Luke , and forgave sinners. In Christ God was taking dominion of the world he had made. The kingdom of God was realized in Jesus Christ as the reign of God in much the same way as a modern monarch reigns but does not rule , anticipating the rule of God in the eschatological age. Yet the reign of God can become the rule of God in the hearts of those individuals who submit to the power of Christ as they await the historical reality of the kingdom when the kingdom of the world becomes "the kingdom of our Lord and of his Christ" Rev The Salvation of God.
In the Old Testament God's saving action appears in the form of deliverance from war, personal distress, illness, and political oppression. While these dimensions of salvation are not all laid aside in the New Testament, the concept has assumed a spiritual dimension that becomes the controlling idea. In sending Jesus, declared Luke, God has "raised up a horn of salvation" for Israel in the house of David Luke , which includes the forgiveness of sins Luke When Simeon saw the infant Christ, he declared "My eyes have seen your salvation" Luke Luke interprets the ministry of John the Baptist in the wilderness as the fulfillment of Isaiah's prophecy that the salvation of God would illuminate the wilderness Luke This is the sense of salvation in lu , where Jesus declares that as a consequence of Zacchaeus's repentant spirit, salvation had come to his house.
The Son of God. This phrase can refer to human beings Luke , but the meaning that concerns us here is its reference to Jesus because he is God and partakes of the divine nature.
The title could simply designate the Messiah Mark ; Matt , but in Matthew Jesus' sonship involves a unique and exclusive relationship between the Father and the Son.
His knowledge of the Father is in the same degree as the Father's knowledge of him. God in the Fourth Gospel. If the Synoptics leave a slight margin of uncertainty about the divinity of Jesus, the Gospel of John declares it unequivocally, calling Jesus the Word logos [ a [logo" ] and declaring that "the Word was God" John accents the theological doctrine that Isaiah had expressed so clearly Isaiah Isaiah ; , that the Creator and the Redeemer are one ; see also 1 Cor ; Col God as Father.
While the Synoptics use the term also, John's Gospel capitalizes on this title for God, emphasizing Jesus' intimate relationship to God as Son: "I and the Father are one" Jesus' enemies heard in the description of his relationship to the Father a claim to equality with God Yet Jesus' reference to God as his Father is only one side of the picture.
At the baptism of Jesus the voice from heaven declared, "This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well please" Matt ; Luke God as Spirit. The Old Testament witnesses insist that God is a spiritual Being, even though they often speak of him in anthropomorphic terms.
Indeed, they urge an absolute difference between God and man Num ; Hosea Jesus puts the idea of God as Spirit in the context of worship in the new age that he inaugurated: "God is spirit, and his worshipers must worship in spirit and in truth" John The spiritual nature of God demands a spiritual response from human beings that is not tied to localities as was worship in the temple, whether on Mount Gerizim or in Jerusalem, but is centered on Christ the Truth. John goes beyond this idea and lays out the doctrine of the Holy Spirit, who proceeds from the Father and is sent by the Son In the Old Testament the term "holy Spirit" refers to the manifestation of God's presence in the world Psalm The trinitarian view of God is already implied in the baptismal formula of Matthew and the Pauline benediction of 2 Corinthians God in the Acts of the Apostles.
The Book of Acts represents God's action in history after the resurrection and ascension of Christ. God sent the Holy Spirit to empower his people for the task of proclaiming the good news of Jesus. Peter announced at Pentecost that God had raised Jesus from the dead Acts The reality of the resurrection, so shattering to the kingdom of sin and death, is the dominating theme of this new age.
While Acts is a witness to the risen Christ, it was the God of the fathers who raised him from the dead Acts and empowered the disciples to carry on his mission to the world. God in the Pauline Letters. The apostle Paul plumbs the depths of the meaning of the cross and the resurrection. In these events, God has revealed his wisdom and power. In the cross God took on himself the weakness of human flesh and showed that his weakness is insurpassably greater than the power of men and that his wisdom is unimaginably wiser than human understanding 1 Cor The blessings that God has prepared for those who love him are summed up in the cross and resurrection 1 Cor In fact, the salvation that God had bestowed upon Old Testament Israel only in part became a historical reality in Christ 1 Cor God has elected believers, not merely in Abraham, but before the foundation of the world Eph Is there One God, who stands for justice and righteousness, mercy love and grace, for all people, or are there several gods, based upon which culture to which one belongs?
It cannot be that the One God is really the One God…because that God would not allow such a debasement of one groups of human beings by another group. The One Sovereign God would not condone the actions of white nationalists.
The One Sovereign God would not be pleased with racism or sexism or classism or homophobia or xenophobia.
The One God is not a white supremacist. The god of the oppressor is not the One Sovereign God of the oppressed, the God that Jesus, the Palestinian Jew came to earth to represent. The god of the oppressor is a deity I do not know and cannot follow; that god stands for white nationalism, and all that white nationalism represents.
The god of this president is not my God, nor can it be the God of oppressed people who must believe in the goodness and fairness of God. The god of the oppressor is neither. News U.
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