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Mad hatter disease is a form of chronic mercury poisoning. It got its name because it commonly affected hat makers in the 18th to 20th centuries. The chemicals used to cool appliances like air conditioners are known as refrigerant. Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Mental Health. What Is Cyanide Poisoning? Medically reviewed by Elaine K.
Luo, M. What are the symptoms of cyanide poisoning? How is cyanide poisoning diagnosed? What treatment options are available? Can cyanide poisoning lead to any complications? How to prevent cyanide poisoning. Read this next. During water chlorination, cyanogen chloride may be produced at low levels.
People may be exposed to low levels of cyanides in their daily lives from foods, smoking and other sources. Eating or drinking cyanide-containing foods may cause health effects. Breathing cyanide gas, especially in a poorly ventilated space, has the greatest potential for harm. Lethal exposures to cyanides result only from accidents or intentional acts. Because of their quick-acting nature, cyanides may be used as agents of terrorism. After exposure, cyanide quickly enters the bloodstream.
The body handles small amounts of cyanide differently than large amounts. In small doses, cyanide in the body can be changed into thiocyanate, which is less harmful and is excreted in urine.
In the body, cyanide in small amounts can also combine with another chemical to form vitamin B 12 , which helps maintain healthy nerve and red blood cells. Large doses of cyanide prevent cells from using oxygen and eventually these cells die. The heart, respiratory system and central nervous system are most susceptible to cyanide poisoning. The health effects from high levels of cyanide exposure can begin in seconds to minutes.
Some signs and symptoms of such exposures are:. The severity of health effects depends upon the route and duration of exposure, the dose, and the form of cyanide.
Moving away from the point of exposure to fresh air is an important first step in treating cyanide exposure.
Cyanide poisoning can be further treated by medical professionals. Often patients are given oxygen. Two antidotes sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate are usually used to stop the effects of serious cyanide poisoning.
Other drugs may be necessary to control additional health effects of cyanide such as seizures. People who experience serious signs and symptoms will need immediate hospital care, especially individuals who have "passed out" or are unconscious.
Any delay could result in death. While an elevated blood cyanide concentration may indicate that someone has been exposed to cyanide, laboratory testing for cyanide exposure will not be useful in making emergency treatment decisions. A patient exposed to cyanide should not expect medical personnel to do these tests before treatment. Treatment should not be delayed if signs and symptoms are present and exposure is believed to have occurred.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological Profile for Cyanide. Division of Toxicology, U. Cyanide in fruits and vegetables is in the form of cyanogenic glycosides cyanoglycosides. Many industrial processes involve compounds that contain cyanide or can react with water or air to produce it. Paper, textile, photochemical, plastics, mining, and metallurgy industries all may deal with cyanide. Cyanide gas is less dense than air, so it will rise.
Inhaling a high dose of cyanide gas rapidly causes unconsciousness and often death. Lower doses may be survivable, especially if immediate aid is provided. The symptoms of cyanide poisoning are similar to those displayed by other conditions or exposure to any of a number of chemicals, so don't assume cyanide is the cause. Death from poisoning usually results from respiratory or heart failure. Also, skin and body fluids may give off an odor of almonds. How much cyanide is too much depends on the route of exposure, the dose, and duration of exposure?
Inhaled cyanide presents a greater risk than ingested cyanide. Skin contact is not as much of a concern unless the cyanide has been mixed with DMSO , except touching the compound could lead to accidentally swallowing some of it. Unconsciousness, followed by death, could occur within several seconds of inhaling a high dose of cyanide, but lower doses and ingested cyanide may allow a few hours to a couple of days for treatment.
Emergency medical attention is critical. Because it's a relatively common toxin in the environment, the body can detoxify a small amount of cyanide. For example, you can eat the seeds of an apple or withstand cyanide from cigarette smoke without dying.
When cyanide is used as a poison or a chemical weapon, treatment depends on the dose. A high dose of inhaled cyanide is lethal too quickly for any treatment to take effect. Initial first aid for inhaled cyanide requires getting the victim to fresh air. Ingested cyanide or lower doses of inhaled cyanide may be countered by administering antidotes that detoxify cyanide or bind to it. For example, natural vitamin B12, hydroxocobalamin, reacts with cyanide to form cyanocobalamin, which is excreted in urine.
Inhalation of amyl nitrite may aid breathing in victims of cyanide and also carbon monoxide poisoning , although few first aid kits contain these ampules anymore. Depending on the conditions, complete recovery may be possible, although paralysis, liver damage, kidney damage, and hypothyroidism are possible. Bortey-Sam, Nesta, et al. Cressey, Peter, and John Reeve. Parker-Cote, J.
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