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Overall, biogas risks include explosion, asphyxiation, disease, and hydrogen sulfide poisoning…. Hydrogen Sulfide. A biogas leak can be smelled if the hydrogen sulfide has not been removed from the biogas.
It smells like rotten eggs. Although the methane and carbon dioxide of biogas are not poisonous, a person may stop breathing if there is too much biogas and not enough oxygen in the air they are trying to breath.
Biogas plants will hardly become completely odour- less, but the odour nuisances from new plants should not exceed days a year in the nearest residential area.
What causes the odors in a biogas plant? In itself, the process used to produce biogas, in other words, the fermentation of materials in a completely hermetic environment, is odorless.
CO2 Removal from Biogas using Water Scrubbing Water scrubbing, or water washing, is a relatively simple CO2 removal process whereby the biogas is pumped into water under pressure. Thermal conversion involves heating the biomass feedstock in order to burn, dehydrate , or stabilize it.
The most familiar biomass feedstocks for thermal conversion are raw material s such as municipal solid waste MSW and scraps from paper or lumber mills. Different types of energy are created through direct firing, co-firing, pyrolysis, gasification, and anaerobic decomposition. Before biomass can be burned, however, it must be dried.
This chemical process is called torrefaction. The biomass dries out so completely that it loses the ability to absorb moisture, or rot. The lost energy and mass can be used to fuel the torrefaction process.
During torrefaction, biomass becomes a dry, blackened material. It is then compressed into briquette s. Biomass briquettes are very hydrophobic , meaning they repel water. This makes it possible to store them in moist areas. The briquettes have high energy density and are easy to burn during direct or co-firing. Direct Firing and Co-Firing Most briquettes are burned directly. The steam produced during the firing process powers a turbine , which turns a generator and produces electricity.
This electricity can be used for manufacturing or to heat buildings. Biomass can also be co-fired, or burned with a fossil fuel. Biomass is most often co-fired in coal plants. Co-firing eliminates the need for new factories for processing biomass. Co-firing also eases the demand for coal.
This reduces the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas es released by burning fossil fuels. Pyrolysis Pyrolysis is a related method of heating biomass.
This keeps it from combusting and causes the biomass to be chemically altered. Pyrolysis produces a dark liquid called pyrolysis oil, a synthetic gas called syngas, and a solid residue called biochar. All of these components can be used for energy. Pyrolysis oil , sometimes called bio-oil or biocrude, is a type of tar.
It can be combusted to generate electricity and is also used as a component in other fuels and plastics. Scientists and engineers are studying pyrolysis oil as a possible alternative to petroleum. Syngas can be converted into fuel such as synthetic natural gas. It can also be converted into methane and used as a replacement for natural gas. Biochar is a type of charcoal.
Biochar is a carbon-rich solid that is particularly useful in agriculture. Biochar enriches soil and prevents it from leach ing pesticide s and other nutrients into runoff. Biochar is also an excellent carbon sink. Carbon sink s are reservoirs for carbon-containing chemicals, including greenhouse gases. Gasification Biomass can also be directly converted to energy through gasification. The molecules break down, and produce syngas and slag. Syngas is a combination of hydrogen and carbon monoxide.
During gasification, syngas is cleaned of sulfur, particulates, mercury, and other pollutants. The clean syngas can be combusted for heat or electricity, or processed into transportation biofuels, chemicals, and fertilizer s.
Slag forms as a glassy, molten liquid. It can be used to make shingles, cement, or asphalt. Industrial gasification plants are being built all over the world. Asia and Australia are constructing and operating the most plants, although one of the largest gasification plants in the world is currently under construction in Stockton-on-Tees, England.
This plant will eventually be able to convert more than , tons of MSW into enough energy to power 50, homes. Anaerobic Decomposition Anaerobic decomposition is the process where microorganisms, usually bacteria , break down material in the absense of oxygen. Anaerobic decomposition is an important process in landfill s, where biomass is crushed and compressed, creating an anaerobic or oxygen-poor environment.
In an anaerobic environment, biomass decay s and produces methane, which is a valuable energy source. This methane can replace fossil fuels. In addition to landfills, anaerobic decomposition can also be implemented on ranch es and livestock farms.
Manure and other animal waste can be converted to sustainably meet the energy needs of the farm. Biofuel Biomass is the only renewable energy source that can be converted into liquid biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel. Biofuel is used to power vehicles, and is being produced by gasification in countries such as Sweden, Austria, and the United States.
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