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Ions form when atoms lose or gain electrons to obtain a full outer shell:. Metal atoms lose electrons from their outer shell when they form ions:. For elements in groups 1, 2 and 3, the number of electrons lost is the same as the group number. The outer shells of non-metal atoms gain electrons when they form ions:. Also, ions may refer to a single atom or multiple, complex group of atoms. When it comes to ions, the opposites indeed attract. The opposite charges, positive and negative hold together in ionic bonds, form ionic compounds.
As the name suggests, it is nothing but the compound made of ions. The loss or gain of one atom matches with the loss or gain of the other. So, the atom donates an electron to the atom that needs it, and they form a pair. You can consider ions as a two-bar magnet. When you try to put the south end and north end of the different magnets together, they repel each other. Ions show similar behaviour, one positive and one negative ion join together to make an ionic compound. Physical Properties: There is a strong force of attraction between positive and negative ions, which makes ionic compounds solid and not easily breakable.
You would get the same ion, of course, if the left-hand CH 3 group broke off instead of the bottom one as we've drawn it. In these two spectra, this is probably the most dramatic example of the extra stability of a secondary carbocation. This is fairly clearly seen in the mass spectra of ketones like pentanone. We've already discussed the fragmentation that produces this. Note: There are lots of other examples of positive ions with extra stability and which are produced in large numbers in a mass spectrometer as a result.
Without making this article even longer than it already is, it's impossible to cover every possible case. Check past exam papers to find out whether you are likely to need to know about other possibilities. If you haven't got past papers, follow the link on the syllabuses page to find out how to get hold of them. Suppose you had to suggest a way of distinguishing between pentanone and pentanone using their mass spectra. You don't need to worry about the other lines in the spectra - the 43, 57 and 71 lines give you plenty of difference between the two.
The 43 and 71 lines are missing from the pentanone spectrum, and the 57 line is missing from the pentanone one. That's due to a complicated rearrangement which you couldn't possibly predict at A'level. As you've seen, the mass spectrum of even very similar organic compounds will be quite different because of the different fragmentations that can occur.
Provided you have a computer data base of mass spectra, any unkown spectrum can be computer analysed and simply matched against the data base. If this is the first set of questions you have done, please read the introductory page before you start.
The origin of fragmentation patterns The formation of molecular ions When the vaporised organic sample passes into the ionisation chamber of a mass spectrometer, it is bombarded by a stream of electrons.
Fragmentation The molecular ions are energetically unstable, and some of them will break up into smaller pieces. Using fragmentation patterns This section will ignore the information you can get from the molecular ion or ions. Explain the step in the formation of a mid-ocean ridge? What is dissociation of water mean? What does the dissociation of water lead to? The formation of a stable ionic compound from ions? What is the formation of ions when a solvent acts on a solute?
What is the result of dissociation of water? Does energy always released during ionization? How does the octet rule apply to the formation cations and anions? Is an acid is any compound that forms H plus ions in solution true? What is the importance of ionzation energy in the formation of ions? Describe the formation of both positive and negative ions? What is the formation of ions?
Explain why gravimetric analysis is suitable for the analysis of sulfate ions but not ammonium ions? Explain the formation of Northern Plains of India? What does the nebular hypothises explain?
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