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It Creates Extreme Discrimination There would be extreme discrimination against natural born babies because they will be considered inferior to those engineered ones with healthier bodies, smarter minds and better looks. Down the line of eliminating genetic disorders produces humans with similar genetic makeup and a shallow gene pool. This could lead to serious ailments as in the case of purebreds. It is Based on Nazi Ideology Artificial selection has its dark foundations rooted in the eugenics program of the Nazis.
Summary points The horrible abuses committed in the name of eugenics through coercive policies imposed by governments have obscured the fact that eugenic goals can be the subject of choice as well as coercion In the rush to map the human genome and reap the benefits of new genetic knowledge it has become commonplace to argue that eugenic goals will play no part in how new genetic knowledge is used The moral case against voluntary choices to advance eugenic goals by individuals or couples has not been persuasively made Given the power and authority granted to parents to seek to improve or better their children by environmental interventions, at least some forms of genetic selection or alteration seem equally ethically defensible if they are undertaken freely and do not disempower or disadvantage children.
Coercion Certainly it is morally objectionable for governments or institutions or any third party to compel or coerce anyone's reproductive behaviour. The subjectivity of perfection Some who find the pursuit of perfection morally objectionable worry about more than coercion. Equality Another objection to allowing eugenic desires to influence parenting is that this will lead to fundamental social inequalities.
Open in a separate window. References 1. Annas G, Grodin M, editors. The Nazi doctors and the Nuremberg Code. New York: Oxford University Press; Caplan A, editor. When medicine went mad. Totowa, NJ: Humana; Reilly P. The surgical solution. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; McGee G, editor. The perfect baby. New York: Rowman and Littlefield; Kitcher P. The lives to come. New York: Touchstone; Under these circumstances they argue that the rights of the individual infringes on the rights of society and try to justify compulsory limitations on reproduction.
Out of this heated debate several methods have been proposed. Segregation For many years it was the practice to segregate in institutions in order to prevent the reproduction of persons showing extreme mental abnormalities to reduce the flow of defective gene into future generations. The practice of segregation by institutionalization as well as the prevention of reproduction was utilized in the beginning because of the high degree of care needed by those with severe mental abnormalities however, recent de-institutionalization has resulted in prolific reproduction representing a large input of genes into the gene pool.
Sterilization Surgical sterilization of those with serious inherited mental defects was proposed and in use until the mid 20th century. Compulsory sterilization is considered a dangerous policy today. It was widely used and abused during World War II. Laws in twenty-eight states in the 's permitted such sterilizations, but relatively few were performed. The abuse of compulsory sterilization of Nazi Germany showed just how dangerous a policy this practice is.
It has been reported that in some cases extreme 'ugliness' however that was defined was enough cause for sterilization. Qualities that some find desirable or undesirable at present might be viewed very differently a thousand years from now. Birth Control Many men and women today are choosing to undergo voluntary sterilization after they have as many children as they desire. In and for the first time in US history Congress appropriated money for improved methods of birth control; a far cry from the Comstockery which only a few decades ago could send a doctor to prison for educating a woman about birth control unless her life was threatened by pregnancy.
Even with the advances in birth control methods there is a deluge of so many babies that some call for ways to make people want fewer children. Cheap and efficient birth control with no harmful side effects, experts say, is of paramount importance to the world nowadays to avoid the possibility of an inundation by future populations.
Control By Law The tradition of liberty and the idea that the State might take over control of such a personal right as reproduction is deeply objectionable and almost beyond belief. Many proponents believe the time will come when the welfare of society of uncontrolled reproduction will result in government regulation. Ideas come up from time to time about limiting reproduction by the number of children allowed to couples. One proposal included applying for marriage license that included an examination for the probability of genetic defects.
Many suggest denying the right of reproduction along with severe penalties imposed with compulsory abortions required. Control of reproduction by law is nothing new. Those in mental institutions were denied the right to reproduce and there are laws prohibiting marriage between close relatives.
These laws are of ancient origin and appeared because many realized that these unions increased the chances of genetic defects. Marriage between relatives, or inbreeding , always results in increased homozygosity in offspring. The harmful recessive genes surface however many note that these couplings have a purging effect for a species as whole, by eliminating harmful genes when defective homozygotes die or fail to reproduce.
The laws are 'good' in this respect preventing the immediate appearance of many defective children, but they have no long-term eugenic value in lowering the incidence of harmful genes in a population. However they can establish a governmental right to prohibit reproduction for the welfare of society.
Genetic Counseling At present most First World societies generally prefer voluntary restrictions in reproduction as a eugenic measure since tests are becoming rapidly available to determine whether either parent may be a carrier of harmful genes. For example a man has seen his father go through the agonies of Huntington's chorea will certainly not want a similar fate to befall any of his children. A genetic counselor can present the risks and some parents may be relieved to learn that the chances are almost zero in some cases.
At other times parents may be told that the chance in one in 16, or one in 8, or one in 4. At some point they may decide the risk is too great and turn to other methods of reproduction such as artificial insemination from established sperm banks or in vitro fertilization.
Historical View Englishman Thomas Robert Malthus was the first to foresee the effects of an exploding population. Acknowledging that all animals including humans have reproductive potentials far greater than is needed to replace them he determined that there must be some check on either the rate of reproduction or the rate of survival.
In he published a mathematical analyses showing the human potential to increase in numbers occurs in a geometric ratio, yet the increase in food supply happens only in an arithmetic ratio. He discovered that there had been famines in recorded history that were frequently followed by plagues. On the other hand, the public, focused on religious groups, has developed the ethical debate if human kind should control genetic outcomes and interfere in the process of what God is to control.
This controversial debate on Eugenics begins. Applying Ethical Principles to the Eugenics Debate When a discussion of ethics takes place regarding an issue, there are several principles that are associated with that of Ethics, and its application in the healthcare field.
In the case of Eugenics one of the most relevant of the ethical principles that can be applied to the Eugenics debate is that of Autonomy and Beneficence. In the case of Eugenics these two principles can both easily be applied and debated among those that support and those that debate against Eugenics. When you view these two principles side by side they can both be utilized in the debate of Eugenics and how supports, and those who are against the practice relate these principles when the debate of the ethical stance takes off.
Principle of Beneficence Applying the Principle of Beneficence in the Eugenics Debate and how utilizing Eugenics, through for example embryo selection, is for the benefit of others. This area would take the concept of beneficence and apply it in the matter that the use of Eugenics is beneficial for others and therefore is completely ethical and that it should not be challenged. This approach for example medically may feel that embryo selection, genetic modification, etc.
Pros and Cons of Eugenics Eugenics has many supports, and just as many of those that do not support the practice or the concept and idea in any fashion. Reviewing the pros and cons regarding Eugenics is not a cut and dry process and many of these pros and cons can be viewed in many ways when we take into account the view point of the person reviewing the concept as well as their viewpoint in many different aspects that must be incorporated in the scientific process of Eugenics.
When discussing ethics in any fashion the goal is to achieve an understanding the moral issues that are involved in the issue, and how morally this may affect those that are involved Buchanan, If a family has a history of a genetic disorder that has been passed down over the years, this would allow there to be a break in this cycle during reproduction.
Often cases families that are utilizing invitro fertilization may be undergoing this process due to an onset of inability to conceive in traditional methods, or the ability to not conceive without this assistance at all. This allows them to control the gender of their offspring to their liking, knowing that this may be a one and only chance.
In the medical world where one is always looking for medical advancement, Eugenics is viewed as a route towards this. People always seem to voice the negatives louder than the positives in many situations, and Eugenics has proven to be no different.
We come across this type of debate with many items that need ethical consideration, but it definitely applies to this type of procedure, and creates a large gap between those that can and cannot afford this type of help.
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